If you have some problematic academic background, address that as well to reassure the admissions committee. For example, let's say that you got all C's one semester. Take a (brief) paragraph to explain that you had some emotional setback that semester but then demonstrate how your grades have been sterling since then, and that you now have a 3.83 grade-point average in the discipline. If you spin this well, your story will enhance the admissions committee's image of you as someone with the abilities to "take on challenges" and "to finish on time."
如果你大学期间成绩不佳，请给招生委员会一个合理的解释。例如：某个学期你所有科目都得了C，请解释一下是否生活中遇到了挫折而无法专注学业，但更重要的是，我们要看到你后来的进步，比如，最终的GPA达到了3.83。如果你能把这个起伏挫折的故事讲好，招生委员会会更加欣赏你逆境中自强的精神。
Here's an organization I would recommend: (1) passionate hook; (2) segué to your background in the field; (3) specific classes by title and professors you have had (especially if well-known in the field); (4) related extracurricular activities (especially if they hint at some personal quality you want to convey); (5) any publications or other professional accomplishments in the field (perhaps conference presentations or public readings); (6) explanations about problems in your background (if needed); and (7) why you have chosen this grad school (name one or two professors and what you know of their specific areas or some feature of the program which specifically attracts you).
总而言之，关于个人陈述的布局结构，我的建议如下：一：有充满激情的噱头；二：强调自己适合学习该专业的背景；三：关于已经选修过的详细的课程描述，包括课程名称和教授名字；四：最好能体现你个性的相关课外活动；五：在该领域的任何成就，包括发表的论文，专利，奖项，或参加并发言的学术会议；六：对自身背景中弱点的解释；七：为什么选择我们学校---至少列出一两个我们系里你熟悉的教授。你对他们的研究领域了解多少？或者我们系还有哪里特别吸引你呢？
I should probably expand on item 7. This is a practical issue as well. If you are applying to ten grad schools, it's a mismanagement of time to write ten separate, tailored statements of purpose. Items 1 through 6 above can be exactly the same for all the statements. Then when you get to item 7, put in a different paragraph for each school. Remember this means the ten statements will all be as long, in terms of word count, as the shortest required length among the ten schools. If the shortest length is 300 words, probably that length will be okay for the 500-word school (in fact the admissions committee at the 500-word place may see you as savvy for not going on and on). But those 300 words will clearly not work for the 1200-word school, so you'll need to expand that one. Don't pad. Find other engaging material in your background.
关于上述的第七点，我觉得有必要进一步说明。假设你申请十所大学的研究生院，你不可能写十篇完全不同的申请文书去迎合每个学校。对任何学校而言，从一到六都可以是一样的回答，但当你遇到第七题的时候，针对每个不同的学校一定要做出不同的回答。这是你该好好做功课的时候。记住，你的十篇文书在字数上可能相差无几。例如，即使是最少字数的情况下，也不可能低于300，那么你稍稍扩充就可以达到另一个学校500字的要求。而招生官看到一篇500字的文书感觉还是不错的，因为他们实在不想看一篇裹脚布一样没完没了的文章。但是，也可能有学校要你写1200字，那么就靠你自己去尽量扩展你300字的文书了。靠废话是没用的，从自己的背景故事里多找素材！
About mentioning professors at each grad school: doing this will portray you as someone "who has done her homework," as someone who is genuinely interested in the field, enough to have done some prefatory work in that area. Don't just mention their names (anyone who can browse a web site can do that). Say something of substance about each professor by name, something that reveals you know and appreciate that person's work. Don't necessarily pick the most famous professor at the grad school; chances are many other applicants will do the same, and the admissions committee members will soon be unconsciously filtering those mentions out. (Besides, the most famous professor doesn't always work with all graduate students or may be out of town half the year, and you may come off as naive if you say you're looking forward to working with her.) Find a lesser-known professor whose work truly intrigues you (and truly is the operational word here). Then say something about what you know of that professor's work — remember that person may be on the admissions committee. Don't suck up — don't be a sycophant. Be fair and honest.
关于提及每个研究生院的教授：能详细提及并表示研究兴趣的学生会被看作是充分做了功课并且对所学领域真正感兴趣的。否则又怎么会事先就对该领域做了一番功课呢？仅仅提及教授的名字没有什么意义（任何人看看学校的网站都可以做到）。你需要提及某教授的时候不止提及他的名字，更要表明你了解和欣赏此人的学术成就。你无需选择研究生院里最有名的教授，因为很多申请人都会这么做，导致录取委员会自然而然地把这些俗套的提及都忽略不计。（另外，最著名的那些教授并不总带研究生，或者一年有一半的时间都不在本校，所以当你说你非常希望和某个这样的教授学习工作的时候，你就显得太天真了。）你更好的选择是，找一个不是最著名的教授，但是他（她）的研究领域确实令你感兴趣。你需要具体谈一下对该教授的研究了解多少---要知道，这位教授可能就是录取委员会的成员。即便如此，切记不要谄媚。要诚实自然。
Be sure to show your statement of purpose to several professors. Remember they will have different ideas about what constitutes an appropriate and effective statement of purpose. If one of your professors has a connection with a specific grad school, she may have some inside knowledge about what kind of statement of purpose will work best at that school. Make your final editing decisions based on what will convey you most accurately as you see it. Again, be specific, be dynamic, come alive on paper. Continue to get advice from your professors on later drafts.
在提交前一定要把你的个人陈述给几个教授看。记住，他们对于一篇恰当有效的个人陈述会有不同的看法。如果你的某位教授和某个申请大学的研究生院有联系，他（她）可能更清楚该校喜欢什么样的申请文书。在改至终稿时，最重要的考虑是文书是否最准确地反映了你的个性。再次强调，一定要具体，生动。在修改的过程中尽量多地寻求教授的修改意见。
Proofread your statement of purpose. Copyedit for consistency, accuracy, and style. Ask your friends to copyedit and proofread your statement; perhaps you can do the same for them if they are also applying for grad school.
认真校对你的申请文书。在连贯性，准确性，文风方面反复修改。请你的朋友阅读和修改你的文书。如果他们也正在申请学校，你也可以帮助他们做同样的工作。
Remember that style in writing can be parallel to style in dress: the second affects your image in person while the first affects your image when you may not be present. Leaving in typos and misplaced commas is like dressing in your grubbies for a coat-and-tie / cocktail dress event. Being too wordy is comparable to dressing in an evening gown or a tuxedo for a casual get-together. Being too glib, too mannered, may be like wearing a furry rabbit costume to a party which turns out not to be a Halloween bash. Be careful. Be a perfectionist.
切记：文风和穿衣的风格相似：穿衣的风格影响你的个人形象，而文风影响你给人无形的印象。文中充满拼写和标点错误就如同在正式社交场合穿着邋遢的衣服。说话太??氯缤?谒嬉獾木刍嵘洗┥险?降耐砝穹?脱辔卜?Ｌ?妥旎?嗷蜃扒蛔魇坪帽仍谝桓霾⒎峭蚴ソ诳窕兜某『仙泶┟?兹椎耐妹?纷啊Ｒ虼耍?欢ㄒ?⌒模?×勘Ｖつ阄氖榈耐昝馈?br />
Keep working on your statement of purpose even after you have sent it to the school(s) with the earlier deadline(s). You might have a later epiphany about your personal and academic background, your motives for applying for grad school, your long-term plans, and this epiphany may be just the thing that gets you into the school(s) with the later deadline(s).
即使你已经把申请寄了出去，也需要继续修改你的申请文书。在寄出后，也许你会对于自己的个人和学术背景，你申请研究生院的动机，以及个人的长期计划，突然有了灵光一现的新认识，而这种灵感也许可以帮你被录取期限较晚的学校录取。
To close, the statement of purpose, in the eyes of Department Heads, Program Chairs, and Admissions Committee members, can be the most important document in the application. Other parts of your graduate-school application — test scores, transcripts, letters of recommendation, writing samples — do not say as much about you as a person as the statement of purpose can: your proudest accomplishments alongside your fondest hopes and dreams.
总之，在系主任和录取委员会的眼中，申请文书可以算是申请材料中最重要的一环。至于你其它的申请材料---标准化考试成绩，在校成绩单，推荐信，写作范例等，都不能像申请文书那样更充分地体现你到底是一个什么样的人。申请文书可以展示你最傲人的成绩和你最大的梦想。
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